|
Background:
|
The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th
century; the islands were occupied by Japan from 1942 to
1945. Indonesia declared its independence after Japan's
surrender, but it required four years of intermittent
negotiations, recurring hostilities, and UN mediation before
the Netherlands agreed to relinquish its colony. Indonesia
is the world's largest archipelagic state and home to the
world's largest Muslim population. Current issues include:
alleviating poverty, preventing terrorism, consolidating
democracy after four decades of authoritarianism,
implementing financial sector reforms, stemming corruption,
holding the military and police accountable for human rights
violations, and controlling avian influenza. In 2005,
Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed
separatists in Aceh, which led to democratic elections in
December 2006. Indonesia continues to face a low intensity
separatist movement in Papua. |
|
Location:
|
Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and
the Pacific Ocean
|
|
Geographic coordinates:
|
5 00 S, 120 00 E
|
|
Map references:
|
Southeast Asia
|
|
Area:
|
total: 1,919,440 sq km
land: 1,826,440 sq km
water: 93,000 sq km
|
|
Area - comparative:
|
slightly less than three times the size of Texas
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
total: 2,830 km
border countries: Timor-Leste 228 km, Malaysia 1,782
km, Papua New Guinea 820 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
54,716 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
|
|
Climate:
|
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
|
|
Terrain:
|
mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior
mountains
|
|
Elevation extremes:
|
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m
|
|
Natural resources:
|
petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite,
copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver
|
|
Land use:
|
arable land: 11.03%
permanent crops: 7.04%
other: 81.93% (2005)
|
|
Irrigated land:
|
45,000 sq km (2003)
|
|
Total renewable water resources:
|
2,838 cu km (1999)
|
|
Freshwater withdrawal
(domestic/industrial/agricultural):
|
total: 82.78 cu km/yr (8%/1%/91%)
per capita: 372 cu m/yr (2000)
|
|
Natural hazards:
|
occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes,
volcanoes, forest fires
|
|
Environment - current issues:
|
deforestation; water pollution from industrial wastes,
sewage; air pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from
forest fires |
|
Environment - international agreements:
|
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation,
Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected
agreements
|
|
Geography - note:
|
archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles
equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes
from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean |
|
Population:
|
237,512,355 (July 2008 est.)
|
|
Age structure:
|
0-14 years: 28.4% (male 34,343,198/female 33,175,135)
15-64 years: 65.7% (male 78,330,830/female
77,812,339)
65 years and over: 5.8% (male 6,151,305/female
7,699,548) (2008 est.)
|
|
Median age:
|
total: 27.2 years
male: 26.7 years
female: 27.7 years (2008 est.)
|
|
Population growth rate:
|
1.175% (2008 est.)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
19.24 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)
|
|
Death rate:
|
6.24 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
-1.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)
|
|
Sex ratio:
|
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2008 est.)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
total: 31.04 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 36.14 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 25.68 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
total population: 70.46 years
male: 67.98 years
female: 73.07 years (2008 est.)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
2.34 children born/woman (2008 est.)
|
|
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|
0.1% (2003 est.)
|
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|
110,000 (2003 est.)
|
|
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|
2,400 (2003 est.)
|
|
Major infectious diseases:
|
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea,
hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: chikungunya, dengue fever, and
malaria
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been
identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with
extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have
close contact with birds (2008) |
|
Nationality:
|
noun: Indonesian(s)
adjective: Indonesian
|
|
Ethnic groups:
|
Javanese 40.6%, Sundanese 15%, Madurese 3.3%, Minangkabau
2.7%, Betawi 2.4%, Bugis 2.4%, Banten 2%, Banjar 1.7%, other
or unspecified 29.9% (2000 census) |
|
Religions:
|
Muslim 86.1%, Protestant 5.7%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu
1.8%, other or unspecified 3.4% (2000 census)
|
|
Languages:
|
Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay),
English, Dutch, local dialects (the most widely spoken of
which is Javanese) |
|
Literacy:
|
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 90.4%
male: 94%
female: 86.8% (2004 est.)
|
|
Country name:
|
conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia
conventional short form: Indonesia
local long form: Republik Indonesia
local short form: Indonesia
former: Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East Indies
|
|
Government type:
|
republic
|
|
Capital:
|
name: Jakarta
geographic coordinates: 6 10 S, 106 49 E
time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington,
DC during Standard Time)
note: Indonesia is divided into three time zones
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
30 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2
special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah
istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah
khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo,
Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur,
Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah,
Kalimantan Timur, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Kepulauan Riau,
Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa
Tenggara Timur, Papua, Papua Barat (Irian Jaya Barat), Riau,
Sulawesi Barat, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi
Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan,
Sumatera Utara, Yogyakarta*
note: following the implementation of
decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, the 440
districts or regencies have become the key administrative
units responsible for providing most government services
|
|
Independence:
|
17 August 1945 (declared)
note: recognized by the Netherlands on 27 December
1949; in August 2005, the Netherlands announced it
recognized de facto Indonesian independence on 17 August
1945 |
|
National holiday:
|
Independence Day, 17 August (1945)
|
|
Constitution:
|
August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and
Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959;
series of amendments concluded in 2002 |
|
Legal system:
|
based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by
indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures and
election codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|
|
Suffrage:
|
17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of
age
|
|
Executive branch:
|
chief of state: President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO
(since 20 October 2004); Vice President Muhammad Yusuf KALLA
(since 20 October 2004); note - the president is both the
chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Susilo Bambang
YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President Muhammad
Yusuf KALLA (since 20 October 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president were elected
for five-year terms (eligible for a second term) by direct
vote of the citizenry; last held 20 September 2004 (next to
be held in 2009)
election results: Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected
president receiving 60.6% of vote; MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri
received 39.4%
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR)
(550 seats; members elected to serve five-year terms); House
of Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD),
constitutionally mandated role includes providing
legislative input to DPR on issues affecting regions;
People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan
Rakyat or MPR) has role in inaugurating and impeaching
president and in amending constitution; consists of
popularly elected members in DPR and DPD; MPR does not
formulate national policy
elections: last held 5 April 2004 (next to be held 8
or 9 April 2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - Golkar
21.6%, PDI-P 18.5%, PKB 10.6%, PPP 8.2%, PD 7.5%, PKS 7.3%,
PAN 6.4%, others 19.9%; seats by party - Golkar 128, PDI-P
109, PPP 58, PD 55, PAN 53, PKB 52, PKS 45, others 50
note: because of election rules, the number of seats
won does not always follow the percentage of votes received
by parties
|
|
Judicial branch:
|
Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (justices appointed by the
president from a list of candidates selected by the
legislature); a separate Constitutional Court or Mahkamah
Konstitusi was invested by the president on 16 August 2003;
in March 2004 the Supreme Court assumed administrative and
financial responsibility for the lower court system from the
Ministry of Justice and Human Rights; Labor Court under
supervision of Supreme Court began functioning in January
2006 |
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [MS KABAN]; Democratic
Party or PD [Hadi UTOMO]; Functional Groups Party or Golkar
[Yusuf KALLA]; Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P
[MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri]; National Awakening Party or PKB;
National Mandate Party or PAN [Sutrisno BACHIR]; Prosperous
Justice Party or PKS [Tifatul SEMBIRING]; United Development
Party or PPP [Suryadharma ALI] |
|
Political pressure groups and leaders:
|
Indonesian Women's Coalition (Koalisi Perempuan - human
rights group); Islamic Defenders Front or FPI; National
Alliance for Freedom of Relgion and Faith; Oil Palm Watch
(environmental) |
|
International organization participation:
|
ADB, APEC, APT, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CP, EAS, FAO, G-15, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU,
ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PIF
(partner), UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOMIG, UNWTO, UPU, WCL,
WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO |
|
Diplomatic representation in the US:
|
chief of mission: Ambassador SUDJADNAN
Parnohadiningrat
chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington,
DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200
FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles,
New York, San Francisco
|
|
Diplomatic representation from the US:
|
chief of mission: Ambassador Cameron R. HUME
embassy: Jalan 1 Medan Merdeka Selatan 4-5, Jakarta
10110
mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520
telephone: [62] (21) 3435-9000
FAX: [62] (21) 3435-9922
consulate(s) general: Surabaya
|
|
Flag description:
|
two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar
to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the
flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red |
|
Economy - overview:
|
Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, has been undergoing
significant economic reforms under President YUDHOYONO.
Indonesia's debt-to-GDP ratio has been declining steadily,
its foreign exchange reserves are at an all-time high of
over $50 billion, and its stock market has been one of the
three best performers in the world in 2006 and 2007, as
global investors sought out higher returns in emerging
markets. The government has introduced significant reforms
in the financial sector, including tax and customs reforms,
the introduction of Treasury bills, and improved capital
market supervision. Indonesia's new investment law, passed
in March 2007, seeks to address some of the concerns of
foreign and domestic investors. Indonesia still struggles
with poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure,
corruption, a complex regulatory environment, and unequal
resource distribution among regions. Indonesia has been slow
to privatize over 100 state-owned enterprises, several of
which have monopolies in key sectors. The non-bank financial
sector, including pension funds and insurance, remains weak.
Capital markets are underdeveloped. The high global price of
oil in 2007 increased the cost of domestic fuel and
electricity subsidies, and are contributing to concerns
about higher food prices. Located on the Pacific "Ring of
Fire" Indonesia remains vulnerable to volcanic and tectonic
disasters. Significant progress has been made in rebuilding
Aceh after the devastating December 2004 tsunami, and the
province now shows more economic activity than before the
disaster. Unfortunately, Indonesia suffered new disasters in
2006 and early 2007 including: a major earthquake near
Yogyakarta, an industrial accident in Sidoarjo, East Java
that created a "mud volcano," a tsunami in South Java, and
major flooding in Jakarta, all of which caused additional
damages in the billions of dollars. Donors are assisting
Indonesia with its disaster mitigation and early warning
efforts. |
|
GDP (purchasing power parity):
|
$837.8 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
GDP (official exchange rate):
|
$432.9 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
GDP - real growth rate:
|
6.3% (2007 est.)
|
|
GDP - per capita (PPP):
|
$3,700 (2007 est.)
|
|
GDP - composition by sector:
|
agriculture: 13.8%
industry: 46.7%
services: 39.4% (2007 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
109.9 million (2007 est.)
|
|
Labor force - by occupation:
|
agriculture: 43.3%
industry: 18%
services: 38.7% (2004 est.)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
9.6% (2007 est.)
|
|
Population below poverty line:
|
17.8% (2006)
|
|
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
|
lowest 10%: 3.6%
highest 10%: 28.5% (2002)
|
|
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
|
36.3 (2005)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
6.4% (2007 est.)
|
|
Investment (gross fixed):
|
24.9% of GDP (2007 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
revenues: $79.25 billion
expenditures: $84.85 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
Public debt:
|
34.1% of GDP (2007 est.)
|
|
Agriculture - products:
|
rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee,
palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs
|
|
Industries:
|
petroleum and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear,
mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, food,
tourism |
|
Industrial production growth rate:
|
4.7% (2007 est.)
|
|
Electricity - production:
|
125.9 billion kWh (2006 est.)
|
|
Electricity - consumption:
|
108 billion kWh (2006 est.)
|
|
Electricity - exports:
|
0 kWh (2006 est.)
|
|
Electricity - imports:
|
0 kWh (2006 est.)
|
|
Oil - production:
|
1.07 million bbl/day (2006 est.)
|
|
Oil - consumption:
|
1.1 million bbl/day (2006 est.)
|
|
Oil - exports:
|
470,000 bbl/day (2006 est.)
|
|
Oil - imports:
|
500,000 bbl/day (2006 est.)
|
|
Oil - proved reserves:
|
4.43 billion bbl (2007 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - production:
|
74 billion cu m (2006 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - consumption:
|
37.5 billion cu m (2006 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - exports:
|
29.6 billion cu m (2006 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - imports:
|
0 cu m (2006)
|
|
Natural gas - proved reserves:
|
2.63 trillion cu m (1 January 2007 est.)
|
|
Current account balance:
|
$11.01 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
$118 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
|
|
Exports - commodities:
|
oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles,
rubber
|
|
Exports - partners:
|
Japan 18.5%, US 10.7%, Singapore 10.3%, China 8.6%, South
Korea 6.8%, Malaysia 4.4%, Taiwan 4.3% (2006)
|
|
Imports:
|
$84.93 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
|
|
Imports - commodities:
|
machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs
|
|
Imports - partners:
|
Singapore 28.2%, China 12.1%, Japan 8.7%, South Korea 5.5%,
Malaysia 4.9%, Thailand 4.6%, US 4% (2006)
|
|
Economic aid - recipient:
|
ODA, $2.524 billion (2006 est.)
note: Indonesia ended 2006 with $67 billion in
official foreign debt (about 25% of GDP), with Japan ($25
billion), the World Bank ($8.5 billion) and the Asian
Development Bank ($8.4 billion) as the largest creditors;
about $6 billion in grant assistance was pledged to rebuild
Aceh after the December 2004 tsunami; President YUDHOYONO
disbanded the Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI) donor
forum in January 2007 |
|
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|
$56.92 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|
|
Debt - external:
|
$140.7 billion (31 December 2007)
|
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|
$58.13 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|
$9.225 billion (2006 est.)
|
|
Market value of publicly traded shares:
|
$138.9 billion (2006)
|
|
Currency (code):
|
Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
Indonesian rupiah per US dollar - 9,056 (2007 est.), 9,159.3
(2006), 9,704.7 (2005), 8,938.9 (2004), 8,577.1 (2003)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
calendar year
|
|
Telephones - main lines in use:
|
14.821 million (2006)
|
|
Telephones - mobile cellular:
|
81.835 million (2007)
|
|
Telephone system:
|
general assessment: domestic service fair,
international service good
domestic: interisland microwave system and HF radio
police net; domestic satellite communications system;
coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by
use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote
areas
international: country code - 62; landing point for
both the SEA-ME-WE-3 AND SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable
networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle
East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1
Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) |
|
Radio broadcast stations:
|
AM 678, FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998)
|
|
Television broadcast stations:
|
54 local TV stations (11 national TV networks; each with its
group of local transmitters) (2006)
|
|
Internet country code:
|
.id
|
|
Internet hosts:
|
559,359 (2007)
|
|
Internet users:
|
16 million (2005)
|
|
Airports:
|
652 (2007)
|
|
Airports - with paved runways:
|
total: 158
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 15
1,524 to 2,437 m: 51
914 to 1,523 m: 49
under 914 m: 39 (2007)
|
|
Airports - with unpaved runways:
|
total: 494
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 27
under 914 m: 462 (2007)
|
|
Heliports:
|
17 (2007)
|
|
Pipelines:
|
condensate 963 km; condensate/gas 81 km; gas 9,003 km; oil
7,471 km; oil/gas/water 77 km; refined products 1,365 km
(2007)
|
|
Railways:
|
total: 6,458 km
narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (125 km
electrified); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (2006)
|
|
Roadways:
|
total: 391,009 km
paved: 216,714 km
unpaved: 174,295 km (2005)
|
|
Waterways:
|
21,579 km (2007)
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
total: 1,009 ships (1000 GRT or over) 4,560,703 GRT/6,072,198
DWT
by type: bulk carrier 53, cargo 549, carrier 1,
chemical tanker 27, container 75, liquefied gas 7, passenger
46, passenger/cargo 70, petroleum tanker 156, refrigerated
cargo 2, roll on/roll off 11, specialized tanker 8, vehicle
carrier 4
foreign-owned: 43 (China 2, France 1, Japan 5,
Philippines 1, Singapore 27, Switzerland 3, Taiwan 2, UAE 2)
registered in other countries: 121 (Bahamas 3,
Cambodia 1, Hong Kong 7, Liberia 2, Marshall Islands 1,
Mongolia 1, Panama 38, Singapore 66, unknown 2) (2008)
|
|
Ports and terminals:
|
Banjarmasin, Belawan, Ciwandan, Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh,
Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung
Priok
|
|
Military branches:
|
Indonesian Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI):
Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut
(TNI-AL); includes marines, naval air arm), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan
Udara (TNI-AU)), National Air Defense Command (Kommando
Pertahanan Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas)) (2008) |
|
Military service age and obligation:
|
18 years of age for selective compulsory and voluntary
military service; 2-year conscript service obligation, with
reserve obligation to age 45 (officers); Indonesian citizens
only (2008) |
|
Manpower available for military service:
|
males age 16-49: 63,800,825
females age 16-49: 61,729,717 (2008 est.)
|
|
Manpower fit for military service:
|
males age 16-49: 52,367,788
females age 16-49: 52,129,123 (2008 est.)
|
|
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
|
males age 16-49: 2,181,303
females age 16-49: 2,110,397 (2008 est.)
|
|
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
|
3% (2005 est.)
|
|
Disputes - international:
|
Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of
establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with
all of its neighbors; Timor-Leste-Indonesia Boundary
Committee has resolved all but a small portion of the land
boundary, but discussions on maritime boundaries are
stalemated over sovereignty of the uninhabited coral island
of Pulau Batek/Fatu Sinai in the north and alignment with
Australian claims in the south; many refugees from
Timor-Leste who left in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and
refuse repatriation; a 1997 treaty between Indonesia and
Australia settled some parts of their maritime boundary but
outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award of Sipadan and
Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 left the sovereignty of
Unarang rock and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil
block in the Celebes Sea in dispute; the ICJ decision has
prompted Indonesia to assert claims to and to establish a
presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesia and
Singapore continue to work on finalization of their 1973
maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas
north of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists,
squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems
for Papua New Guinea; piracy remains a problem in the
Malacca Strait; maritime delimitation talks continue with
Palau; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to
Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and
Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed
restrictions on certain catches |
|
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
|
IDPs: 200,000-350,000 (government offensives against
rebels in Aceh; most IDPs in Aceh, Central Kalimantan,
Central Sulawesi Provinces, and Maluku) (2007) |
|
Illicit drugs:
|
illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use;
producer of methamphetamine and ecstasy
|
This page was last updated on 7 August
2008
|
