|
Background:
|
Aryan tribes from the northwest infiltrated onto the Indian
subcontinent about 1500 B.C.; their merger with the earlier
Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture.
The Maurya Empire of the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. - which
reached its zenith under ASHOKA - united much of South Asia.
The Golden Age ushered in by the Gupta dynasty (4th to 6th
centuries A.D.) saw a flowering of Indian science, art, and
culture. Arab incursions starting in the 8th century and
Turkic in the 12th were followed by those of European
traders, beginning in the late 15th century. By the 19th
century, Britain had assumed political control of virtually
all Indian lands. Indian armed forces in the British army
played a vital role in both World Wars. Nonviolent
resistance to British colonialism led by Mohandas GANDHI and
Jawaharlal NEHRU brought independence in 1947. The
subcontinent was divided into the secular state of India and
the smaller Muslim state of Pakistan. A third war between
the two countries in 1971 resulted in East Pakistan becoming
the separate nation of Bangladesh. India's nuclear weapons
testing in 1998 caused Pakistan to conduct its own tests
that same year. The dispute between the countries over the
state of Kashmir is ongoing, but discussions and
confidence-building measures have led to decreased tensions
since 2002. Despite impressive gains in economic investment
and output, India faces pressing problems such as
significant overpopulation, environmental degradation,
extensive poverty, and ethnic and religious strife. |
|
Location:
|
Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of
Bengal, between Burma and Pakistan
|
|
Geographic coordinates:
|
20 00 N, 77 00 E
|
|
Map references:
|
Asia
|
|
Area:
|
total: 3,287,590 sq km
land: 2,973,190 sq km
water: 314,400 sq km
|
|
Area - comparative:
|
slightly more than one-third the size of the US
|
|
Land boundaries:
|
total: 14,103 km
border countries: Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km,
Burma 1,463 km, China 3,380 km, Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan
2,912 km
|
|
Coastline:
|
7,000 km
|
|
Maritime claims:
|
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the
continental margin
|
|
Climate:
|
varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
|
|
Terrain:
|
upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling
plain along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north
|
|
Elevation extremes:
|
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Kanchenjunga 8,598 m
|
|
Natural resources:
|
coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore,
manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural
gas, diamonds, petroleum, limestone, arable land |
|
Land use:
|
arable land: 48.83%
permanent crops: 2.8%
other: 48.37% (2005)
|
|
Irrigated land:
|
558,080 sq km (2003)
|
|
Total renewable water resources:
|
1,907.8 cu km (1999)
|
|
Freshwater withdrawal
(domestic/industrial/agricultural):
|
total: 645.84 cu km/yr (8%/5%/86%)
per capita: 585 cu m/yr (2000)
|
|
Natural hazards:
|
droughts; flash floods, as well as widespread and
destructive flooding from monsoonal rains; severe
thunderstorms; earthquakes |
|
Environment - current issues:
|
deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; desertification;
air pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle
emissions; water pollution from raw sewage and runoff of
agricultural pesticides; tap water is not potable throughout
the country; huge and growing population is overstraining
natural resources |
|
Environment - international agreements:
|
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty,
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected
agreements
|
|
Geography - note:
|
dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian
Ocean trade routes; Kanchenjunga, third tallest mountain in
the world, lies on the border with Nepal |
|
Population:
|
1,147,995,898 (July 2008 est.)
|
|
Age structure:
|
0-14 years: 31.5% (male 189,238,487/female
172,168,306)
15-64 years: 63.3% (male 374,157,581/female
352,868,003)
65 years and over: 5.2% (male 28,285,796/female
31,277,725) (2008 est.)
|
|
Median age:
|
total: 25.1 years
male: 24.7 years
female: 25.5 years (2008 est.)
|
|
Population growth rate:
|
1.578% (2008 est.)
|
|
Birth rate:
|
22.22 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)
|
|
Death rate:
|
6.4 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
|
|
Net migration rate:
|
-0.05 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)
|
|
Sex ratio:
|
at birth: 1.12 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female
total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2008 est.)
|
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
total: 32.31 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 36.94 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 27.12 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)
|
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
total population: 69.25 years
male: 66.87 years
female: 71.9 years (2008 est.)
|
|
Total fertility rate:
|
2.76 children born/woman (2008 est.)
|
|
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|
0.9% (2001 est.)
|
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|
5.1 million (2001 est.)
|
|
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|
310,000 (2001 est.)
|
|
Major infectious diseases:
|
degree of risk: high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea,
hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: chikungunya, dengue fever,
Japanese encephalitis, and malaria
animal contact disease: rabies
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been
identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with
extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have
close contact with birds (2008) |
|
Nationality:
|
noun: Indian(s)
adjective: Indian
|
|
Ethnic groups:
|
Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)
|
|
Religions:
|
Hindu 80.5%, Muslim 13.4%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.9%, other
1.8%, unspecified 0.1% (2001 census)
|
|
Languages:
|
English enjoys associate status but is the most important
language for national, political, and commercial
communication; Hindi is the national language and primary
tongue of 30% of the people; there are 21 other official
languages: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati,
Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri,
Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanscrit, Santhali, Sindhi,
Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu; Hindustani is a popular variant of
Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is
not an official language |
|
Literacy:
|
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 61%
male: 73.4%
female: 47.8% (2001 census)
|
|
Country name:
|
conventional long form: Republic of India
conventional short form: India
local long form: Republic of India/Bharatiya
Ganarajya
local short form: India/Bharat
|
|
Government type:
|
federal republic
|
|
Capital:
|
name: New Delhi
geographic coordinates: 28 36 N, 77 12 E
time difference: UTC+5.5 (10.5 hours ahead of
Washington, DC during Standard Time)
|
|
Administrative divisions:
|
28 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman and Nicobar
Islands*, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar,
Chandigarh*, Chhattisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli*, Daman
and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,
Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala,
Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Puducherry*, Punjab,
Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, West Bengal |
|
Independence:
|
15 August 1947 (from UK)
|
|
National holiday:
|
Republic Day, 26 January (1950)
|
|
Constitution:
|
26 January 1950; amended many times
|
|
Legal system:
|
based on English common law; judicial review of legislative
acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations;
separate personal law codes apply to Muslims, Christians,
and Hindus |
|
Suffrage:
|
18 years of age; universal
|
|
Executive branch:
|
chief of state: President Pratibha PATIL (since 25
July 2007); Vice President Hamid ANSARI (since 11 August
2007)
head of government: Prime Minister Manmohan SINGH
(since 22 May 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
elections: president elected by an electoral college
consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament
and the legislatures of the states for a five-year term (no
term limits); election last held 21 July 2007 (next to be
held in July 2012); vice president elected by both houses of
Parliament for a five-year term; election last held 12
August 2002 (next to be held August 2007); prime minister
chosen by parliamentary members of the majority party
following legislative elections; election last held April -
May 2004 (next to be held May 2009)
election results: Pratibha PATIL elected president;
percent of vote - 65.8%; Bhairon Singh SHEKHAWAT - 34.2%
|
|
Legislative branch:
|
bicameral Parliament or Sansad consists of the Council of
States or Rajya Sabha (a body consisting of not more than
250 members up to 12 of whom are appointed by the president,
the remainder are chosen by the elected members of the state
and territorial assemblies; members serve six-year terms)
and the People's Assembly or Lok Sabha (545 seats; 543
elected by popular vote, 2 appointed by the president;
members serve five-year terms)
elections: People's Assembly - last held 20 April
through 10 May 2004 (next must be held by May 2009)
election results: People's Assembly - percent of vote
by party - NA; seats by party - INC 147, BJP 129, CPI (M)
43, SP 38, RJD 23, DMK 16, BSP 15, SS 12, BJD 11, CPI 10,
NCP 10, JD (U) 8, SAD 8, PMK 6, JMM 5, LJSP 4, MDMK 4, TDP
4, TRS 4, independent 6, other 29, vacant 13; note - seats
by party as of December 2006 |
|
Judicial branch:
|
Supreme Court (one chief justice and 25 associate justices
are appointed by the president and remain in office until
they reach the age of 65 or are removed for "proved
misbehavior") |
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
Bahujan Samaj Party or BSP [MAYAWATI]; Bharatiya Janata
Party or BJP [Rajnath SINGH]; Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen
PATNAIK]; Communist Party of India or CPI [Ardhendu Bhushan
BARDHAN]; Communist Party of India-Marxist or CPI-M [Prakash
KARAT]; Dravida Munnetra Kazagham or DMK [M. KARUNANIDHI];
Indian National Congress or INC [Sonia GANDHI]; Janata Dal
(United) or JD(U) [Sharad YADAV]; Jharkhand Mukti Morcha or
JMM [Shibu SOREN]; Left Front (an alliance of Indian leftist
parties); Lok Jan Shakti Party or LJSP [Ram Vilas PASWAN];
Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or MDMK [V.
Gopalswamy VAIKO]; Nationalist Congress Party or NCP [Sharad
PAWAR]; Pattali Makkal Katchi or PMK [S. RAMADOSS];
Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD [Laloo Prasad YADAV]; Samajwadi
Party or SP [Mulayam Singh YADAV]; Shiromani Akali Dal or
SAD [Parkash Singh BADAL]; Shiv Sena or SS [Bal THACKERAY];
Telangana Rashtriya Samithi or TRS [K. Chandrashekhar RAO];
Telugu Desam Party or TDP [Chandrababu NAIDU]; United
Progressive Alliance or UPA [Sonia GANDHI] (India's ruling
party coalition of 12 political parties); note - India has
dozens of national and regional political parties; only
parties or coalitions with four or more seats in the
People's Assembly are listed |
|
Political pressure groups and leaders:
|
All Parties Hurriyat Conference in the Kashmir Valley
(separatist group); Bajrang Dal (religious organization);
National Socialist Council of Nagaland in the northeast
(separatist group); Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (religious
organization); Vishwa Hindu Parishad (religious organization
other: numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic
organizations; various separatist groups seeking greater
communal and/or regional autonomy |
|
International organization participation:
|
ADB, AfDB (nonregional members), ARF, ASEAN (dialogue
partner), BIMSTEC, BIS, C, CERN (observer), CP, EAS, FAO,
G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM
(observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAS (observer), MIGA,
MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, PIF (partner), SAARC,
SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR,
UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCL,
WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO |
|
Diplomatic representation in the US:
|
chief of mission: Ambassador Ranendra SEN
chancery: 2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington,
DC 20008; note - Consular Wing located at 2536 Massachusetts
Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 939-7000
FAX: [1] (202) 265-4351
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, New York, San
Francisco
|
|
Diplomatic representation from the US:
|
chief of mission: Ambassador David C. MULFORD
embassy: Shantipath, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 110021
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [91] (011) 2419-8000
FAX: [91] (11) 2419-0017
consulate(s) general: Chennai (Madras), Kolkata
(Calcutta), Mumbai (Bombay)
|
|
Flag description:
|
three equal horizontal bands of saffron (subdued orange)
(top), white, and green with a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel)
centered in the white band; similar to the flag of Niger,
which has a small orange disk centered in the white band
|
|
Economy - overview:
|
India's diverse economy encompasses traditional village
farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of
modern industries, and a multitude of services. Services are
the major source of economic growth, accounting for more
than half of India's output with less than one third of its
labor force. About three-fifths of the work force is in
agriculture, leading the United Progressive Alliance (UPA)
government to articulate an economic reform program that
includes developing basic infrastructure to improve the
lives of the rural poor and boost economic performance. The
government has reduced controls on foreign trade and
investment. Higher limits on foreign direct investment were
permitted in a few key sectors, such as telecommunications.
However, tariff spikes in sensitive categories, including
agriculture, and incremental progress on economic reforms
still hinder foreign access to India's vast and growing
market. Privatization of government-owned industries remains
stalled and continues to generate political debate; populist
pressure from within the UPA government and from its Left
Front allies continues to restrain needed initiatives. The
economy has posted an average growth rate of more than 7% in
the decade since 1997, reducing poverty by about 10
percentage points. India achieved 8.5% GDP growth in 2006,
and again in 2007, significantly expanding production of
manufactures. India is capitalizing on its large numbers of
well-educated people skilled in the English language to
become a major exporter of software services and software
workers. Economic expansion has helped New Delhi continue to
make progress in reducing its federal fiscal deficit.
However, strong growth combined with easy consumer credit
and a real estate boom fueled inflation concerns in 2006 and
2007, leading to a series of central bank interest rate
hikes that have slowed credit growth and eased inflation
concerns. The huge and growing population is the fundamental
social, economic, and environmental problem. |
|
GDP (purchasing power parity):
|
$2.989 trillion (2007 est.)
|
|
GDP (official exchange rate):
|
$1.099 trillion (2007 est.)
|
|
GDP - real growth rate:
|
9.2% (2007 est.)
|
|
GDP - per capita (PPP):
|
$2,700 (2007 est.)
|
|
GDP - composition by sector:
|
agriculture: 17.6%
industry: 29.4%
services: 52.9% (2007 est.)
|
|
Labor force:
|
516.4 million (2007 est.)
|
|
Labor force - by occupation:
|
agriculture: 60%
industry: 12%
services: 28% (2003)
|
|
Unemployment rate:
|
7.2% (2007 est.)
|
|
Population below poverty line:
|
25% (2007 est.)
|
|
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
|
lowest 10%: 3.6%
highest 10%: 31.1% (2004)
|
|
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
|
36.8 (2004)
|
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
6.4% (2007 est.)
|
|
Investment (gross fixed):
|
34.6% of GDP (2007 est.)
|
|
Budget:
|
revenues: $141.8 billion
expenditures: $178.3 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
Public debt:
|
58% of GDP (federal and state debt combined) (2007 est.)
|
|
Agriculture - products:
|
rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane,
potatoes; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, poultry; fish
|
|
Industries:
|
textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation
equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software
|
|
Industrial production growth rate:
|
8.9% (2007 est.)
|
|
Electricity - production:
|
661.6 billion kWh (2005)
|
|
Electricity - consumption:
|
488.5 billion kWh (2005)
|
|
Electricity - exports:
|
67 million kWh (2005)
|
|
Electricity - imports:
|
1.764 billion kWh (2005)
|
|
Oil - production:
|
834,600 bbl/day (2005 est.)
|
|
Oil - consumption:
|
2.438 million bbl/day (2005 est.)
|
|
Oil - exports:
|
350,000 bbl/day (2005 est.)
|
|
Oil - imports:
|
2.098 million bbl/day (2004 est.)
|
|
Oil - proved reserves:
|
5.7 billion bbl (2007 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - production:
|
28.68 billion cu m (2005 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - consumption:
|
34.47 billion cu m (2005 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - exports:
|
0 cu m (2005 est.)
|
|
Natural gas - imports:
|
5.793 billion cu m (2005)
|
|
Natural gas - proved reserves:
|
1.056 trillion cu m (1 January 2006 est.)
|
|
Current account balance:
|
-$19.35 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
Exports:
|
$150.8 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
|
|
Exports - commodities:
|
petroleum products, textile goods, gems and jewelry,
engineering goods, chemicals, leather manufactures
|
|
Exports - partners:
|
US 15.1%, UAE 8.8%, China 8.4%, UK 4.3% (2006)
|
|
Imports:
|
$230.2 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
|
|
Imports - commodities:
|
crude oil, machinery, gems, fertilizer, chemicals
|
|
Imports - partners:
|
China 10.5%, US 7.8%, Germany 4.5%, Singapore 4.5% (2006)
|
|
Economic aid - recipient:
|
$1.724 billion (2005)
|
|
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|
$275 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|
|
Debt - external:
|
$148.1 billion (31 December 2007)
|
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|
$95.28 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|
$37.62 billion (2007 est.)
|
|
Market value of publicly traded shares:
|
$818.9 billion (2006)
|
|
Currency (code):
|
Indian rupee (INR)
|
|
Exchange rates:
|
Indian rupees per US dollar - 41.487 (2007), 45.3 (2006),
44.101 (2005), 45.317 (2004), 46.583 (2003)
|
|
Fiscal year:
|
1 April - 31 March
|
|
Telephones - main lines in use:
|
49.75 million (2005)
|
|
Telephones - mobile cellular:
|
233.62 million (2007)
|
|
Telephone system:
|
general assessment: recent deregulation and
liberalization of telecommunications laws and policies have
prompted rapid growth; local and long distance service
provided throughout all regions of the country, with
services primarily concentrated in the urban areas; steady
improvement is taking place with the recent admission of
private and private-public investors, but combined fixed and
mobile telephone density remains low at about 20 for each
100 persons nationwide and much lower for persons in rural
areas; fastest growth is in cellular service with modest
growth in fixed lines
domestic: mobile cellular service introduced in 1994
and organized nationwide into four metropolitan areas and 19
telecom circles each with about three private service
providers and one state-owned service provider; in recent
years significant trunk capacity added in the form of
fiber-optic cable and one of the world's largest domestic
satellite systems, the Indian National Satellite system (INSAT),
with 6 satellites supporting 33,000 very small aperture
terminals (VSAT)
international: country code - 91; a number of major
international submarine cable systems, including Sea-Me-We-3
with landing sites at Cochin and Mumbai (Bombay),
Sea-Me-We-4 with a landing site at Chennai, Fiber-Optic Link
Around the Globe (FLAG) with a landing site at Mumbai
(Bombay), South Africa - Far East (SAFE) with a landing site
at Cochin, the i2i cable network linking to Singapore with
landing sites at Mumbai (Bombay) and Chennai (Madras), and
Tata Indicom linking Singapore and Chennai (Madras), provide
a significant increase in the bandwidth available for both
voice and data traffic; satellite earth stations - 8
Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean
region); 9 gateway exchanges operating from Mumbai (Bombay),
New Delhi, Kolkata (Calcutta), Chennai (Madras), Jalandhar,
Kanpur, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad, and Ernakulam |
|
Radio broadcast stations:
|
AM 153, FM 91, shortwave 68 (1998)
|
|
Television broadcast stations:
|
562 (1997)
|
|
Internet country code:
|
.in
|
|
Internet hosts:
|
2.306 million (2007)
|
|
Internet users:
|
60 million (2005)
|
|
Airports:
|
346 (2007)
|
|
Airports - with paved runways:
|
total: 250
over 3,047 m: 18
2,438 to 3,047 m: 52
1,524 to 2,437 m: 75
914 to 1,523 m: 84
under 914 m: 21 (2007)
|
|
Airports - with unpaved runways:
|
total: 96
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 40
under 914 m: 47 (2007)
|
|
Heliports:
|
30 (2007)
|
|
Pipelines:
|
condensate/gas 9 km; gas 7,488 km; liquid petroleum gas
1,861 km; oil 7,883 km; refined products 6,422 km (2007)
|
|
Railways:
|
total: 63,221 km
broad gauge: 46,807 km 1.676-m gauge (17,343 km
electrified)
narrow gauge: 13,290 km 1.000-m gauge (165 km
electrified); 3,124 km 0.762-m gauge and 0.610-m gauge
(2006)
|
|
Roadways:
|
total: 3,383,344 km
paved: 1,603,705 km
unpaved: 1,779,639 km (2002)
|
|
Waterways:
|
14,500 km
note: 5,200 km on major rivers and 485 km on canals
suitable for mechanized vessels (2006)
|
|
Merchant marine:
|
total: 493 ships (1000 GRT or over) 8,272,533 GRT/14,117,658
DWT
by type: bulk carrier 104, cargo 232, carrier 1,
chemical tanker 19, container 12, liquefied gas 19,
passenger 3, passenger/cargo 11, petroleum tanker 91, roll
on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 12 (China 1, Hong Kong 1, UAE 8, UK 2)
registered in other countries: 59 (Barbados 1,
Comoros 2, Cyprus 1, Dominica 2, Gibraltar 1, Liberia 2,
Malta 3, Panama 29, Singapore 10, St Kitts and Nevis 1, St
Vincent and the Grenadines 6, unknown 1) (2008) |
|
Ports and terminals:
|
Chennai, Haldia, Jawaharal Nehru, Kandla, Kolkata
(Calcutta), Mormugao, Mumbai (Bombay), New Mangalore,
Vishakhapatnam
|
|
Military branches:
|
Army, Navy (includes naval air arm), Air Force, Coast Guard
(2008)
|
|
Military service age and obligation:
|
16 years of age for voluntary military service; no
conscription (2008)
|
|
Manpower available for military service:
|
males age 16-49: 301,094,084
females age 16-49: 283,047,141 (2008 est.)
|
|
Manpower fit for military service:
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males age 16-49: 231,161,111
females age 16-49: 236,633,962 (2008 est.)
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Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
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males age 16-49: 11,592,516
females age 16-49: 10,636,857 (2008 est.)
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
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2.5% (2006)
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Disputes - international:
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since China and India launched a security and foreign policy
dialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the
dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary,
regional nuclear proliferation, Indian claims that China
transferred missiles to Pakistan, and other matters
continue; various talks and confidence-building measures
have cautiously begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir,
particularly since the October 2005 earthquake in the
region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of the world's
largest and most militarized territorial dispute with
portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai
Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir
and Northern Areas); India and Pakistan have maintained the
2004 cease fire in Kashmir and initiated discussions on
defusing the armed stand-off in the Siachen glacier region;
Pakistan protests India's fencing the highly militarized
Line of Control and construction of the Baglihar Dam on the
Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir, which is part of the
larger dispute on water sharing of the Indus River and its
tributaries; UN Military Observer Group in India and
Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of
peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's
ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; to defuse
tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary,
India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed
boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of
Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show
its Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; discussions with
Bangladesh remain stalled to delimit a small section of
river boundary, to exchange territory for 51 Bangladeshi
exclaves in India and 111 Indian exclaves in Bangladesh, to
allocate divided villages, and to stop illegal cross-border
trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists
through the porous border; Bangladesh protests India's
attempts to fence off high-traffic sections of the border;
dispute with Bangladesh over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha
Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary
delimitation; India seeks cooperation from Bhutan and Burma
to keep Indian Nagaland and Assam separatists from hiding in
remote areas along the borders; Joint Border Committee with
Nepal continues to examine contested boundary sections,
including the 400 square kilometer dispute over the source
of the Kalapani River; India maintains a strict border
regime to keep out Maoist insurgents and control illegal
cross-border activities from Nepal |
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Refugees and internally displaced persons:
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refugees (country of origin): 77,200 (Tibet/China);
69,609 (Sri Lanka); 9,472 (Afghanistan)
IDPs: at least 600,000 (about half are Kashmiri
Pandits from Jammu and Kashmir) (2007)
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Trafficking in persons:
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current situation: India is a source, destination,
and transit country for men, women, and children trafficked
for the purposes of forced labor and commercial sexual
exploitation; internal forced labor may constitute India's
largest trafficking problem; men, women, and children are
held in debt bondage and face forced labor working in brick
kilns, rice mills, agriculture, and embroidery factories;
women and girls are trafficked within the country for the
purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and forced
marriage; children are subjected to forced labor as factory
workers, domestic servants, beggars, and agriculture
workers, and have been used as armed combatants by some
terrorist and insurgent groups; India is also a destination
for women and girls from Nepal and Bangladesh trafficked for
the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation; Indian women
are trafficked to the Middle East for commercial sexual
exploitation; men and women from Bangladesh and Nepal are
trafficked through India for forced labor and commercial
sexual exploitation in the Middle East
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - India is on the Tier
2 Watch List for a fifth consecutive year for its failure to
provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat human
trafficking in 2007; despite the reported extent of the
trafficking crisis in India, government authorities made
uneven efforts to prosecute traffickers and protect
trafficking victims; government authorities continued to
rescue victims of commercial sexual exploitation and forced
child labor and child armed combatants, and began to show
progress in law enforcement against these forms of
trafficking; a critical challenge overall is the lack of
punishment for traffickers, effectively resulting in
impunity for acts of human trafficking; India has not
ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol (2008) |
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Illicit drugs:
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world's largest producer of licit opium for the
pharmaceutical trade, but an undetermined quantity of opium
is diverted to illicit international drug markets; transit
point for illicit narcotics produced in neighboring
countries and throughout Southwest Asia; illicit producer of
methaqualone; vulnerable to narcotics money laundering
through the hawala system; licit ketamine and precursor
production |
This page was last updated on 7 August
2008
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