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Background:
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Albania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire in
1912, but was conquered by Italy in 1939. Communist
partisans took over the country in 1944. Albania allied
itself first with the USSR (until 1960), and then with China
(to 1978). In the early 1990s, Albania ended 46 years of
xenophobic Communist rule and established a multiparty
democracy. The transition has proven challenging as
successive governments have tried to deal with high
unemployment, widespread corruption, a dilapidated physical
infrastructure, powerful organized crime networks, and
combative political opponents. Albania has made progress in
its democratic development since first holding multiparty
elections in 1991, but deficiencies remain. International
observers judged elections to be largely free and fair since
the restoration of political stability following the
collapse of pyramid schemes in 1997. In the 2005 general
elections, the Democratic Party and its allies won a
decisive victory on pledges of reducing crime and
corruption, promoting economic growth, and decreasing the
size of government. The election, and particularly the
orderly transition of power, was considered an important
step forward. Although Albania's economy continues to grow,
the country is still one of the poorest in Europe, hampered
by a large informal economy and an inadequate energy and
transportation infrastructure. Albania has played a largely
helpful role in managing inter-ethnic tensions in
southeastern Europe, and is continuing to work toward
joining NATO and the EU. Albania, with troops in Iraq and
Afghanistan, has been a strong supporter of the global war
on terrorism. |
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Location:
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Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Ionian
Sea, between Greece in the south and Montenegro and Kosovo
to the north |
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Geographic coordinates:
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41 00 N, 20 00 E
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Map references:
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Europe
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Area:
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total: 28,748 sq km
land: 27,398 sq km
water: 1,350 sq km
|
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Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than Maryland
|
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Land boundaries:
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total: 717 km
border countries: Greece 282 km, Macedonia 151 km,
Montenegro 172 km, Kosovo 112 km
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Coastline:
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362 km
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Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of
exploitation
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Climate:
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mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry
summers; interior is cooler and wetter
|
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Terrain:
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mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast
|
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Maja e Korabit (Golem Korab) 2,764 m
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Natural resources:
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petroleum, natural gas, coal, bauxite, chromite, copper,
iron ore, nickel, salt, timber, hydropower
|
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Land use:
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arable land: 20.1%
permanent crops: 4.21%
other: 75.69% (2005)
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Irrigated land:
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3,530 sq km (2003)
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Total renewable water resources:
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41.7 cu km (2001)
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Freshwater withdrawal
(domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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total: 1.71 cu km/yr (27%/11%/62%)
per capita: 546 cu m/yr (2000)
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Natural hazards:
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destructive earthquakes; tsunamis occur along southwestern
coast; floods; drought
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Environment - current issues:
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deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution from industrial
and domestic effluents
|
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected
agreements
|
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Geography - note:
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strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links Adriatic
Sea to Ionian Sea and Mediterranean Sea)
|
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Population:
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3,619,778 (July 2008 est.)
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 23.6% (male 447,126/female 406,757)
15-64 years: 66.9% (male 1,239,819/female 1,180,720)
65 years and over: 9.5% (male 160,241/female 185,115)
(2008 est.)
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Median age:
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total: 29.5 years
male: 28.9 years
female: 30.2 years (2008 est.)
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Population growth rate:
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0.538% (2008 est.)
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Birth rate:
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15.22 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)
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Death rate:
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5.44 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
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Net migration rate:
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-4.41 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.1 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2008 est.)
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 19.31 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 19.74 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 18.83 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)
|
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 77.78 years
male: 75.12 years
female: 80.71 years (2008 est.)
|
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Total fertility rate:
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2.02 children born/woman (2008 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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NA
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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NA
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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NA
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Nationality:
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noun: Albanian(s)
adjective: Albanian
|
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Ethnic groups:
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Albanian 95%, Greek 3%, other 2% (Vlach, Roma (Gypsy), Serb,
Macedonian, Bulgarian) (1989 est.)
note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek
population ranged from 1% (official Albanian statistics) to
12% (from a Greek organization) |
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Religions:
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Muslim 70%, Albanian Orthodox 20%, Roman Catholic 10%
note: percentages are estimates; there are no
available current statistics on religious affiliation; all
mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious
observances prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began
allowing private religious practice |
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Languages:
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Albanian (official - derived from Tosk dialect), Greek,
Vlach, Romani, Slavic dialects
|
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Literacy:
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definition: age 9 and over can read and write
total population: 98.7%
male: 99.2%
female: 98.3% (2006 census)
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of Albania
conventional short form: Albania
local long form: Republika e Shqiperise
local short form: Shqiperia
former: People's Socialist Republic of Albania
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Government type:
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emerging democracy
|
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Capital:
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name: Tirana (Tirane)
geographic coordinates: 41 19 N, 19 49 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington,
DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in
March; ends last Sunday in October
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Administrative divisions:
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12 counties (qarqe, singular - qark); Berat, Diber, Durres,
Elbasan, Fier, Gjirokaster, Korce, Kukes, Lezhe, Shkoder,
Tirane, Vlore |
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Independence:
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28 November 1912 (from the Ottoman Empire)
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National holiday:
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Independence Day, 28 November (1912)
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Constitution:
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adopted by popular referendum on 22 November 1998;
promulgated 28 November 1998
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Legal system:
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has a civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction; has accepted jurisdiction of the International
Criminal Court for its citizens |
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal
|
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President of the Republic Bamir TOPI
(since 24 July 2007)
head of government: Prime Minister Sali BERISHA
(since 10 September 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime
minister, nominated by the president, and approved by
parliament
elections: president elected by the People's Assembly
for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); four
election rounds held between 8 and 20 July 2007 (next
election to be held in 2012); prime minister appointed by
the president
election results: Bamir TOPI elected president;
People's Assembly vote, fourth round (three-fifths majority
(84 votes) required): Bamir TOPI 85 votes, Neritan CEKA 5
votes |
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral Assembly or Kuvendi (140 seats; 100 members are
elected by direct popular vote and 40 by proportional vote
to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 3 July 2005 (next to be held in
2009)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA;
seats by party - PD 56, PS 42, PR 11, PSD 7, LSI 5, other 19
|
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Judicial branch:
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Constitutional Court, Supreme Court (chairman is elected by
the People's Assembly for a four-year term), and multiple
appeals and district courts |
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Political parties and leaders:
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Agrarian Environmentalist Party or PAA [Lufter XHUVELI];
Christian Democratic Party or PDK [Nard NDOKA]; Communist
Party of Albania or PKSH [Hysni MILLOSHI]; Democratic
Alliance Party or AD [Neritan CEKA]; Democratic Party or PD
[Sali BERISHA]; Legality Movement Party or PLL [Ekrem SPAHIA];
Liberal Union Party or BLD [Arjan STAROVA]; Movement for
National Development or LZhK [Dashamir SHEHI]; National
Front Party (Balli Kombetar) or PBK [Adriatik ALIMADHI]; New
Democratic Party or PDR [Genc POLLO]; Party of National
Unity or PUK [Idajet BEQIRI]; Republican Party or PR [Fatmir
MEDIU]; Social Democracy Party of Albania or PDSSh [Paskal
MILO]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Skender GJINUSHI];
Socialist Movement for Integration or LSI [Ilir META];
Socialist Party or PS [Edi RAMA]; Union for Human Rights
Party or PBDNj [Vangjel DULE] |
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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Citizens Advocacy Office [Kreshnik SPAHIU]; Confederation of
Trade Unions of Albania or KSSH [Kastriot MUCO]; Front for
Albanian National Unification or FBKSH [Gafur ADILI]; Mjaft
Movement; Omonia [Jani JANI]; Union of Independent Trade
Unions of Albania or BSPSH [Gezim KALAJA] |
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International organization participation:
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BSEC, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM,
IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC, MIGA, OIC, OIF,
OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SECI, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMIG,
UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO |
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Aleksander SALLABANDA
chancery: 2100 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 223-4942
FAX: [1] (202) 628-7342
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Dr. John L. WITHERS, II
embassy: Rruga e Elbasanit, Labinoti #103, Tirana
mailing address: US Department of State, 9510 Tirana
Place, Dulles, VA 20189-9510
telephone: [355] (4) 247285
FAX: [355] (4) 232222
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Flag description:
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red with a black two-headed eagle in the center
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Economy - overview:
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Lagging behind its Balkan neighbors, Albania is making the
difficult transition to a more modern open-market economy.
The government has taken measures to curb violent crime, and
recently adopted a fiscal reform package aimed at reducing
the large gray economy and attracting foreign investment.
The economy is bolstered by annual remittances from abroad
of $600-$800 million, mostly from Albanians residing in
Greece and Italy; this helps offset the towering trade
deficit. Agriculture, which accounts for more than one-fifth
of GDP, is held back because of lack of modern equipment,
unclear property rights, and the prevalence of small,
inefficient plots of land. Energy shortages and antiquated
and inadequate infrastructure contribute to Albania's poor
business environment, which make it difficult to attract and
sustain foreign investment. The completion of a new thermal
power plant near Vlore and improved transmission line
between Albania and Montenegro will help relieve the energy
shortages. Also, the government is moving slowly to improve
the poor national road and rail network, a long-standing
barrier to sustained economic growth. On the positive side,
macroeconomic growth was strong in 2003-07 and inflation is
low and stable. |
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GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$19.92 billion
note: Albania has a large gray economy that may be as
large as 50% of official GDP (2007 est.)
|
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GDP (official exchange rate):
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$10.62 billion (2007 est.)
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GDP - real growth rate:
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6% (2007 est.)
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GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$6,300 (2007 est.)
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 21.2%
industry: 20.1%
services: 58.7% (2007 est.)
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Labor force:
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1.09 million (not including 352,000 emigrant workers)
(September 2006 est.)
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture: 58%
industry: 15%
services: 27% (September 2006 est.)
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Unemployment rate:
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13% official rate, but may exceed 30% due to preponderance
of near-subsistence farming (2007 est.)
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Population below poverty line:
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25% (2004 est.)
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 3.4%
highest 10%: 24.4% (2004)
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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26.7 (2005)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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2.9% (2007 est.)
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Investment (gross fixed):
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23.3% of GDP (2007 est.)
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Budget:
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revenues: $2.786 billion
expenditures: $3.159 billion (2007 est.)
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Public debt:
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52.5% of GDP (2007 est.)
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Agriculture - products:
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wheat, corn, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, sugar beets,
grapes; meat, dairy products
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Industries:
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food processing, textiles and clothing; lumber, oil, cement,
chemicals, mining, basic metals, hydropower
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Industrial production growth rate:
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2% (2007 est.)
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Electricity - production:
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5.385 billion kWh (2005)
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Electricity - consumption:
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3.323 billion kWh (2005)
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Electricity - exports:
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300 million kWh (2005)
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Electricity - imports:
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371 million kWh (2005)
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Oil - production:
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7,006 bbl/day (2005 est.)
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Oil - consumption:
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29,000 bbl/day (2005 est.)
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Oil - exports:
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1,240 bbl/day (2004 est.)
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Oil - imports:
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21,600 bbl/day (2005 est.)
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Oil - proved reserves:
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198.1 million bbl (1 January 2006 est.)
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Natural gas - production:
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28.77 million cu m (2005 est.)
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Natural gas - consumption:
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28.77 million cu m (2005 est.)
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Natural gas - exports:
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0 cu m (2005 est.)
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Natural gas - imports:
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0 cu m (2005)
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Natural gas - proved reserves:
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814.7 million cu m (1 January 2006 est.)
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Current account balance:
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-$877 million (2007 est.)
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Exports:
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$1.089 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
|
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Exports - commodities:
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textiles and footwear; asphalt, metals and metallic ores,
crude oil; vegetables, fruits, tobacco
|
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Exports - partners:
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Italy 67.6%, Serbia and Montenegro 5.8%, Greece 5.4% (2006)
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Imports:
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$3.891 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
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Imports - commodities:
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machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, textiles, chemicals
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Imports - partners:
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Italy 31.9%, Greece 17.7%, Turkey 8.1%, Germany 5.7% (2006)
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Economic aid - recipient:
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ODA: $318.7 million
note: top donors were Italy, EU, Germany (2005 est.)
|
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$2.248 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|
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Debt - external:
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$1.55 billion (2004)
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Market value of publicly traded shares:
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$NA
|
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Currency (code):
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lek (ALL)
note: the plural of lek is leke
|
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Exchange rates:
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leke per US dollar - 92.668 (2007), 98.384 (2006), 102.649
(2005), 102.78 (2004), 121.863 (2003)
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Fiscal year:
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calendar year
|
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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353,600 (2005)
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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1.53 million (2005)
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: despite new investment in fixed
lines, the density of main lines remains low with roughly 10
lines per 100 people; cellular telephone use is widespread
and generally effective; combined fixed line and mobile
telephone density is approximately 60 telephones per 100
persons
domestic: offsetting the shortage of fixed line
capacity, mobile phone service has been available since
1996; by 2003 two companies were providing mobile services
at a greater density than some of Albania's neighbors;
Internet broadband services initiated in 2005; internet
cafes are popular in Tirana and have started to spread
outside the capital
international: country code - 355; submarine cable
provides connectivity to Italy, Croatia, and Greece; the
Trans-Balkan Line, a combination submarine cable and land
fiber-optic system, provides additional connectivity to
Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Turkey; international traffic
carried by fiber-optic cable and, when necessary, by
microwave radio relay from the Tirana exchange to Italy and
Greece (2007) |
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Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 13, FM 46, shortwave 1 (2005)
|
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Television broadcast stations:
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65 (3 national, 62 local); 2 cable networks (2005)
|
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Internet country code:
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.al
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Internet hosts:
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852 (2007)
|
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Internet users:
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471,200 (2006)
|
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Airports:
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11 (2007)
|
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 (2007)
|
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 8
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 4 (2007)
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Heliports:
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1 (2007)
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Pipelines:
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gas 339 km; oil 207 km (2007)
|
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Railways:
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total: 447 km
standard gauge: 447 km 1.435-m gauge (2006)
|
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Roadways:
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total: 18,000 km
paved: 7,020 km
unpaved: 10,980 km (2002)
|
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Waterways:
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43 km (2007)
|
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Merchant marine:
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total: 24 ships (1000 GRT or over) 56,550 GRT/85,521
DWT
by type: cargo 23, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 1 (Turkey 1)
registered in other countries: 3 (Georgia 2, Panama
1) (2007)
|
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Ports and terminals:
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Durres, Sarande, Shengjin, Vlore
|
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Military branches:
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Land Forces Command (Army), Naval Forces Command, Air
Defense Command, General Staff Headquarters (includes
Logistics Command, Training and Doctrine Command) (2007)
|
|
Military service age and obligation:
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19 years of age (2004)
|
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Manpower available for military service:
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males age 16-49: 944,592
females age 16-49: 908,527 (2008 est.)
|
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Manpower fit for military service:
|
males age 16-49: 798,454
females age 16-49: 767,143 (2008 est.)
|
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Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
|
males age 16-49: 36,340
females age 16-49: 33,077 (2008 est.)
|
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
|
1.49% (2005 est.)
|
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Disputes - international:
|
the Albanian Government calls for the protection of the
rights of ethnic Albanians in neighboring countries, and the
peaceful resolution of interethnic disputes; some ethnic
Albanian groups in neighboring countries advocate for a
"greater Albania," but the idea has little appeal among
Albanian nationals; the mass emigration of unemployed
Albanians remains a problem for developed countries, chiefly
Greece and Italy |
|
Trafficking in persons:
|
current situation:
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - (2008)
|
|
Illicit drugs:
|
increasingly active transshipment point for Southwest Asian
opiates, hashish, and cannabis transiting the Balkan route
and - to a lesser extent - cocaine from South America
destined for Western Europe; limited opium and growing
cannabis production; ethnic Albanian narcotrafficking
organizations active and expanding in Europe; vulnerable to
money laundering associated with regional trafficking in
narcotics, arms, contraband, and illegal aliens |
This page was last updated on 19 June
2008
|
